Vascularization of the Alouatta belzebul brain base / Vascularização da base do encéfalo de Alouatta belzebul

We studied the arterial circle in the brain of five specimens of the Alouatta belzebul primate. The material had the arterial system perfused (water at 40°C), injected with stained latex (Neoprene 650), fixed in aqueous formaldehyde solution (10%) and dissected for vessel verification. The arterial circle of this primate is composed of two vascular systems: the vertebra-basilar and the carotid ones, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle, there are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. The anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. It presented an anatomical variation at the beginning of its path, forming a double basilar artery, called arterial island. In its course, it emitted branches giving rise to the rostral inferior cerebellar artery, the pontine arteries, the rostral cerebellar arteries, the satellite rostral cerebellar arteries and its terminal branch, the caudal cerebral artery, which presented itself in two segments: the pre-communicating one and post-communicating, joining the internal carotid artery and originating the caudal communicating artery. This group of arteries and anastomoses enclose the caudal portion of the arterial circle. From the right and left internal carotid arteries begins the rostral portion of the arterial circle, which consists of the right and left rostral cerebral arteries and the right and left middle cerebral arteries. The rostral cerebral arteries anastomose into a single trunk, giving rise to the interhemispheric artery, and in A. belzebul and Sapajus libidinosus, the rostral communicating artery is absent. The interhemispheric artery goes to the midbrain region and the corpus callosum knee divides into pericalous artery and callosarginal artery, which will supply the pre and post-central regions of the cerebral hemispheres of this species, as well as other non-human and human primates. It is noted that in the first part of the left rostral cerebral artery, there is a direct inosculation between the recurrent branch of the rostral cerebral artery and left middle cerebral artery to supply the entorhinal region. This fact also occurs in Pongo spp. The middle cerebral artery travels along the lateral sulcus where it emits several superficial branches to irrigate the superior and inferior lateral cortical regions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. It is not part of the arterial circle but is the terminal branch of the internal carotid artery. A. belzebul can be considered to depend on two sources of supply to the brain: the vertebra-basilar and carotid systems, contributing to the intervention of veterinarians during clinical and surgical procedures in other primates, as well as the preservation of wild animals.(AU)

Estudamos o círculo arterial no encéfalo de cinco espécimes do primata Alouatta belzebul. O material teve o sistema arterial perfundido (água a 40°C), injetado com látex corado (Neoprene 650), fixado em solução aquosa de formaldeído (10%) e dissecado para verificação dos vasos. O círculo arterial deste primata é composto por dois sistemas vasculares: vértebro-basilar e o sistema carotídeo, que se anastomosam para fechar o circuito arterial. Na porção caudal do círculo arterial encontra-se as artérias vertebrais e seus ramos: artéria espinal rostral e a cerebelar inferior caudal. A anastomose das artérias vertebrais dá origem a artéria basilar. Esta apresentou uma variação anatômica no início do seu trajeto, formando uma dupla artéria basilar, denominada ilha arterial. Em seu trajeto emitiu ramos dando origem a artéria cerebelar inferior rostral, as artérias pontinas, as artérias cerebelares rostrais, as artérias cerebelares rostrais satélites e o seu ramo terminal, a artéria cerebral caudal, que apresentou-se em dois segmentos: o pré-comunicante e pós-comunicante, unindo-se a artéria carótida interna e originando a artéria comunicante caudal. Este grupo de artérias e anastomoses encerram a porção caudal do círculo arterial. Das artérias carótidas internas direita e esquerda, inicia-se a porção rostral do círculo arterial, ao qual é constituído pelas artérias cerebrais rostrais direita e esquerda e as artérias cerebrais médias direita e esquerda. As artérias cerebrais rostrais se anastomosam em um tronco único dando origem a artéria inter-hemisférica e em A. belzebul e Sapajus libidinosus, a artéria comunicante rostral se encontra ausente. A artéria inter-hemisférica segue para região média do encéfalo e no joelho do corpo caloso se divide em artéria pericalosa e artéria calosomarginal, que vão suprir as regiões pré e pós-central dos hemisférios cerebrais desta espécie, assim como outros primatas não humanos e humano. Nota-se que na primeira parte da artéria cerebral rostral esquerda, ocorre uma inosculação direta entre o ramo recorrente da artéria cerebral rostral e artéria cerebral média esquerda para suprir a região entorrinal, esse fato também ocorre em Pongo spp. A artéria cerebral média segue seu trajeto pelo sulco lateral onde emite vários ramos superficiais para irrigar as regiões corticais supero e ínfero lateral do lobo frontal, parietal e temporal, esta não faz parte do círculo arterial mas é o ramo terminal da artéria carótida interna. Pode-se considerar que A. belzebul depende de duas fontes de suprimento para o encéfalo: os sistemas vértebro-basilar e carotídeo, contribuindo na intervenção de médicos veterinários durante os procedimentos clínicos e cirúrgicos em outros primatas, assim como na preservação de animais silvestres.(AU)

Vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867) / Arterial vascularization of the base of the cerebrum of mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867)

Objetivou-se descrever e sistematizar as artérias da base do encéfalo. Foram utilizados dez gerbils que se encontravam armazenados em freezer no laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal Aplicada da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido. Os animais foram descongelados, incisados na linha mediana para identificação do ventrículo esquerdo, o qual foi perfurado e injetados 3ml de Látex Neoprene 650 na concentração de 20% e no pigmento vermelho. Posteriormente aguardou-se cerca de 1 minuto em virtude da polimerização do Látex e logo após foram fixados por imersão em solução aquosa de Formaldeído a 3,7% e após 72 horas, tiveram os encéfalos removidos da calota craniana para análise de sua superfície ventral. Foi visto que o sistema vertebrobasilar e carótico estiveram presentes em todos os animais analisados, mostrando-se responsável pela vascularização do encéfalo caudal e rostral, respectivamente. As principais artérias observadas no modelo padrão incluem as ímpares: basilar, espinhal ventral, ramo medial da artéria cerebral rostral e as pares: vertebral, cerebelar caudal, cerebelar média, trigeminal, cerebelar rostral, ramo terminal da basilar, carótida interna, cerebral caudal, hipofisária, cerebral média, cerebral rostral, lateral do bulbo olfatório e etmoidal interna. Conclui-se com base nos resultados que a irrigação da superfície ventral encefálica do gerbil foi suprida pelos sistemas vertebro-basilar e carótico de forma equivalente, pertencendo assim ao modelo do tipo II. O circuito arterioso apresentou-se aberto caudalmente e fechado rostralmente, fato que difere do relatado em roedores como capivara, cutia, preá, chinchila e nutria.

The objective was to describe and systematize the arteries of the base of the brain. Ten gerbils were used, which were stored in a freezer in the Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University. The animals were thawed, incised in the midline to identify the left ventricle, which was punctured and injected 3 ml of Latex Neoprene 650 at a concentration of 20% and red pigment. After about one minute the polymerization of the Latex was delayed and afterwards fixed by immersion in 3.7% aqueous Formaldehyde solution and after 72 hours the brain was removed from the skull cap for analysis of its ventral surface. It was observed that the vertebro-basilar and carotid system were present in all animals analyzed, being responsible for the vascularization of the caudal and rostral encephalon, respectively. The main arteries observed in the standard model include the odd: basilar, ventral spinal, medial branch of the rostral cerebral artery and, the pairs: vertebral, cerebellar caudal, cerebellar medial, trigeminal, cerebellar rostral, terminal branch of the basilar, internal carotid, caudal cerebral, Pituitary, middle cerebral, rostral, lateral, olfactory and internal ethmoidal. Based on the results, the irrigation of the ventral brain surface of the gerbil was supplied by the vertebro-basilar and carotic systems in an equivalent way, thus belonging to the type II model. The arterial circuit was open caudally and closed rostrally, a fact that differs from that reported in rodents such as capybara, agouti, cavy, chinchilla and nutria

Application value of CT perfusion imaging combined with CT angiography for pathogenesis determination and diagnosis of transient ischemic attack / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To investigate the application value of CT perfusion imaging (CTPI) combined with CT angiography (CTA) for determination and diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA).Methods Totally 50 TIA patients from April 2014 to April 2016 in the neurology department of some hospital underwent examinations by CT scan,CTPI and CTA in time,and the values of cerebral blood volume (CBV),cerebral blood flow (CBF),mean transit time (MTT) and time to peak (TTP) were calculated at the uninjured and injured sides of the areas of interest.The relationship between cerebral blood perfusion and cerebral angiostenosis of the TIA patient was analyzed.Results The 50 patients had the values of CBF and CBV at the injured sides lower while the ones of MTI and TTP higher than those at the uninjured sides (P＜0.05).The numbers of the abnormal cerebral blood perfusion patients found by CT scan,CTPI and CTA were 28 (56.00％),45 (90.00％) and 38 (76.00％) respectively,who were confirmed clinically simultaneously.There were significant differences between the TIA positive result rates by CT scan,CTPI and CTA (P＜0.05).Conclusion Carotid artery hypoperfusion is one of the pathogeneses of TIA,and positive rate by CTPI is closely related to the conditions of TIA.CTPI combined with CTA contributes to the diagnosis of TIA,and can be used for its individualized treatment.

O sistema carótico do encéfalo do Cebus apella sp., Linnaeus, 1766 / The carotid encephalic system of the Cebus apella sp., Linnaeus, 1766

The carotid system of the encephalon of thirty species of the primate Cebus apella sp. (Linnaeus, 1766) was studied in this research. The material was collected according to international bioethics parameters and animals' welfare. The arterial system was perfused (water at 40 ºC), injected with colored latex (Neoprene 450, Dupont® do Brasil and Sulvinil® coloring, Glassurit), fixed in formaldehyde aqueous solution (10%) and dissected under magnifying glass (RASOR, II-20) for the systematization of vessels. The carotid system is composed by the intracranial and internal portions of both right and left carotid arteries, the carotid arteries of the encephalon and their lateromedial and anteromedial branch divisions: the medial and rostral cerebral arteries, communicating caudal and interconnected arteries. It is interconnected through the caudal communicating arteries to the vertebral-basilar system (100%). The internal carotid artery ends up being divided into three: caudal communicating arteries, medial cerebral and rostral cerebral (50%) or into two: medial cerebral and rostral cerebral arteries (50%). The medial cerebral artery is the most stable branch of this circuit. and after ventricularizing the olfactory bulbs (93.3%), the rostral cerebral artery becomes anastomosis with the contralateral artery, forming the interhemispheric artery that connects the blood layers of the arterial circuit of the encephalon base. It can be considered that Cebus apella sp. depends on two supply sources to the encephalon: the basilar and carotid systems, what indicates an important degree of evolutionary maturity. The absence of anomalies in this primate demonstrates evolutionary stability.Keywords: encephalon, carotid system, cerebral arteries, neotropical primate Cebus apella sp.

Estudamos em trinta espécimes do primata Cebus apella sp. (Linnaeus, 1766) o sistema carótico do encéfalo em animais coletados dentro dos parâmetros internacionais de bioética e bem estar animal. O material teve o sistema arterial perfundido (água a 40 ºC), injetado com látex corado (Neoprene 450, Dupont® do Brasil e Sulvinil® Corante, Glassurit), fixado em solução aquosa de Formaldeído (10%) dissecado sob lupa (RASOR û II û 20) para sistematização dos vasos. O sistema carotico é composto pela porção intracraniana e intradural dos seguimentos dependentes das artérias carótidas internas esquerda e direita, as artérias carótidas do encéfalo (ace) e seus ramos de divisões látero-mediais e ântero-mediais: as artérias cerebrais médias acm e rostrais (acr), comunicantes caudais e artérias corioídeas Está interligado, através das artérias comunicantes caudais, ao sistema vértebro-basilar (100%). A ace termina trifurcando-se (50%), ou bifurcando-se (50%) em arranjos vasculares que envolvem as acm e acr, acc e artéria corioídea. A acm é o ramo mais estável deste circuito e a acr após vascularizar os bulbos olfatórios (93,3%) anastomosa-se com a artéria contralateral formando a artéria inter-hemisférica que conecta rostralmente os leitos sanguíneos do circuito arterial da base do encéfalo. Pode-se considerar que o Cebus apella sp. depende de duas fontes de suprimento para o encéfalo: os sistemas basilar e carotídico, isto indica um grau elevado de maturidade evolutiva. A ausência de anomalias demonstra neste primata estabilidade evolutiva.